The author of the container story, which Bill Gates was awarded, said in the latest work, "World History of Logistics," "How long -distance transportation has developed into business as a trade?"

Long -distance transportation was popular from ancient times, but it did not develop as a trade immediately (the illustration is just an image. Photo: Adobe Stock)

　Long -distance transportation of supplies that had been held from the beginning of human civilization. However, it did not reach "trade = business" for a long time. How did you come to exchange items, slaves, and illness? Marc Levinson's latest publication "The World History of Logistics-- Global Global World History-- Global World History -Global, which is also known for the long -selling book" Container Story -The Changing the World was the Invention of the Box "(Nikkei BP). How did the protagonist of the conversion change from "things" to "information"? I will introduce a part from. In 1764, a trade merchant Peter Hazenkrevar, who had just arrived from London, took a step in an adventure in the northern part of New Jersey. Hazenkrevar, who puts the world on his crotch, was a genuine globalist. He was born in 1716 in the German Rhinrant region and was fluent in German, French, Spanish, and English. He spent his training at a steelworks when he was young, and then buying wool for German woolen fabric factories and selling finished products to Russia and France. Later, he established a trading company in Portugal and Spain, and served as an advisor under Prussia's Prussian King of Prussia, Prussia. In 1763, Hazenkrevar, who succeeded and rich, moved to London, a rapidly growing British Empire as a champion of the Atlantic World. He paid £ 70 and gained citizenship from the British Congress, and he could invest in colonies. And established a company to fulfill his dream as an entrepreneur. He began a business to supply forged iron in the United States to a British Navy shipyard, which was the world's largest manufacturing business. Hazeken Levar and his co -investors are the first to go to the United States. The iron mining purchased in the New Jersey colony would have been an ideal location, only 30-40 km from the thriving port town of New York, which prospered on a map. However, when we crossed the Atlantic Ocean, the mine was on a deep forest -covered land, a steep valley area that could not be approached by the settlers. The iron ore must be dug out with sediment, rocks and iron lumps, dug out with vine and shovel, put on a cow pulled, and carry many miles to a steelmaking station near a river with enough water. I didn't. At the steelworks, the ore is crushed with a crusher and the useless tail mines are removed using a blast furnace. Workers take out the melted iron, hit and process a 14 -foot 2 -inch bar, while being exposed to the high heat emitted by the furnace and the furnace itself. A part of the finished train bar was browned again, and carbon steel was made to penetrate charcoal flour into the melted iron. As long as these stick iron and steel steel were used in nearby villages, it was best for blacksmiths to make horseshoe and fire rods. To make full -fledged profits, you must carry the stick iron to a British shipyard. At that time, many companies working on international trade had been searching for buyers after confirming that foreign products arrived, but Hazenkrevar surely supplies metal to British Navy, which is indispensable for shipbuilding, long -distance supply chain. I was planning something to say. If that could be done, the UK New Jersey colonies would prosper, and Hazenkrevar himself would have joined the British business elite. However, in the Ramapo Mountains, where the land was purchased, there was no road or bridge to carry ore from mining to steelworks, and American, which was established by Hazenkrevar, had to build it independently. British settlers prefer agriculture rather than doing dangerous and tough work like steelmaking in such a background. The American spent a lot of money from Germany for skilled stone craftsmen and steel workers, and installed long -term employment contracts instead of providing ships. Called an investor in the UK, purchased 8,000 hectares for forests to make large amounts of charcoal for blast furnace and steel. In addition, the construction of the embankment, reservoirs, and canals to move the water wheels was also raised. The lack of transportation has prevented the progress of business in various ways. As the logging of the forest progressed, the distance from the steelworks to the forest increased, and the roads for transporting wood and the number of cows for transportation had to increase every year. In order to carry the finished stick iron from the steelworks, or to carry the ore to the steelworks, you have to carry it by car. In winter, the canals and rivers frozen and the roads became unable to pass. "The American iron is too expensive," lamented Hazenkrevar. The ocean voyage is unreliable, and I don't know when a ship with stick iron arrives at the Deptor or Portsmouth Navy Shipyard. The American was unable to pay for profits or dividends, and unstable materials beyond the Atlantic Ocean were not trusted by the Imperial Navy. London's co -investors quickly cut out the patience bag and ordered the steelworks to close in 1768, four years after the operation started. Hazenkrevar was responsible for his debt and was about to be sent to his debtor prison. Later, the mining was resumed, but iron sales were limited to neighboring areas. The concept of long -distance supply chains of industrial products had already sprouted, but various technological developments that enable realization were not progressing. ● Trade wealth has been carried out since the early days of human civilization. 4000 years ago, the Assyrian moved hundreds of kilometers and built a commercial colonial city in Turkey. When Hitojin Lumps became livestock around 1000 BC, a fragrant caravan began to go back and forth between the Arabian Peninsula. 1000 years later, Kojima Sokotra off Yemen became a broadcast of maritime trade between India and Rome. In the early 11th century, 1000 years later, Scandinavian explorers reached North America, but unfortunately did not trade. Meanwhile, Marco Polo, who left Venice in 1271, and his father and uncle, on a trip to China via Silk Road, and succeeded in trade and gained wealth. 。 In the early 16th century, slave trade across the Atlantic began, and since 1750, it has grown into a full -fledged huge business. British merchants carry guns, yakan, textiles, shoes, etc. to a trade base that owns Africa, exchange these items with slaves, carry slaves to the Americas, and load sugar and cigarettes on the return boat. It was a triangular trade to return to the UK. African slave trade was extremely profitable and highly global. Estimated 12.5 million people were abducted as slaves due to over 36,000 cross -seasons, and 500,000 slaves were transported between the North -South America. Not only trade and slaves, but also illness were exported at long distances. The black death (pest), which was very popular in China in 1334, reached the Black Sea in 1346, killing 48 million out of 80 million European population in seven years. Thought was exported. Buddhism was transmitted from India to China 2000 years ago, and around 610, the Islam was spread to Spain in 713, and in the 1540s the Portugal priest brought Christianity to Japan. Long -range trade also caused economic confusion. Since the 1530s, silver leaked from Spanish colonies in Latin America, causing a 150 -year rise to Europe. This event, which caused a lot of fluctuations, is called the "price revolution" in history. It was also encouraged to enhance the power of state power. Various countries have expanded their ruling through trade, gathered wealth from colonies and countries, and sucked taxes. You can still see Genoa, Amsterdam, Istanbul, etc. for sightseeing, but as a center of international trade in the past, it creates enormous wealth by interacting with people and things long before the era of computers and container ships. I was. The fruits brought by trade can be seen on the European castle hall, Persian carpets and Chinese ceramics that decorate the mansion. But this image itself proves that the international economy before the 19th century industrial revolution was far from the "globalization" that we think of today. Northern Germany's famous commercial city alliance, Hanza Alliance, monopolized the Baltic Sea of ​​trade for 300 years until the end of the 15th century, causing great prosperity to cities such as Ryubeck and Hamburg. Nevertheless, the size of the trade is extremely small, given the modern scale. Even if all the ships owned by the Hanza Alliance merchant, the annual cargo volume is less than one of the 21st century medium -sized container ships. Even though the Hanza alliance disappeared from history, most of the contents of long -distance trade were still luxurious and slaves, or wheat to avoid food riots in the event of a bad harvest. Even at the end of the 19th century, the imported goods in the average European family were sugars containing small bags, and sometimes silver coins. Even tea, one of the most traded products that had been traded most at the time, was only a few ounce per capita. China, the world's largest economic power, mainly imports silver coins and black pepper. India and Japan did not even import imports. In most countries, the importance of the international economy was very low. The major interests in trade were merchants dealing with imports and exports, sailors undertaking transportation, carriers, packages, craftsmen who make luxury goods such as glass and textiles, and forced work in cotton fields and silver. The people who were, and the dominant layer who saw trade as one of the tax revenue. However, in many cities in Europe, from the 11th century to the 18th century, many products were grasped in the hands of guilds (occupational unions), and the product prices were maintained by establishing import barriers. 。 The majority of the people were engaged in agriculture in most countries, and the monetary economy did not penetrate, so it didn't matter about the wide world. One of the indicators indicating that international economic activity was extremely small was that only 5.9 million tons of transportation capacity, including all ships in the world, even in 1820. The number in 2018 has reached 322 times, and the sailing speed is much faster, and the number of sailings per year is much higher. ● What happened that once hindered trade, but why was the traditional trade so low? The biggest reason is that transactions were time and expense. (Please enjoy the book "World History of Logistics"!)

Marc Levinson